Immunological and Biochemistry Comparative Studies of COVID-19, Vaccinated, and Healthy Individuals

Abstract

Insufficient information on the immune response to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2), an essential component in developing effective vaccines and therapies, is a critical issue. Consequently, establishing clinical methods for evaluating immune responses to the SARS-CoV-2 virus and validating the direct participation of the parameters in the development of adaptive immune responses are necessary. Furthermore, a comprehensive guide to the diseases caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is critical. Employing universal and non-specific early cytokines, specifically, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in immune clinics during immune response assessments, presents potential in several respects. IFN-gamma promotes the production of other antiviral molecules and stimulates immune system responses against the virus. Nonetheless, reports indicated that some individuals with severe COVID-19 exhibited impaired IFN-gamma production, which might contribute to the severity of the illness. Enhancing IFN-gamma synthesis or exogenous IFN-gamma therapy has demonstrated potential as a COVID-19 treatment approach. Significant IL-6 levels are associated with cytokine storm progression, which denotes excessive and uncontrolled immune responses that could lead to tissue damage. Targeting IL-6 with specific inhibitors, such as monoclonal antibodies, could reduce COVID-19 severity in certain patients. The results obtained in this study indicated that blood electrolytes and immune variable levels (interleukin 6 and IFN-gamma) were significantly different among the infected, vaccinated, and control groups.