Comprehensive Evaluation Of Time And Temperature Variations In The Beejavarta And Shuddhavarta Phases Of Abhraka Satvapatana: Introducing A Magnetic Test Method For Precise Identification Of Abhraka Satva Nanoparticles

Abstract

Background:
Satvapatana is a pivotal pharmaceutical process in Rasashastra aimed at isolating Satva, the therapeutically active metallic essence, from minerals through controlled high-intensity heating. Unlike metallurgical refining, which emphasizes purity for industrial applications, Satvapatana prioritizes medicinal efficacy, minimal dosage, and enhanced bioavailability. Classical treatises describe visual indicators, such as Bijavarta (a red swirling flame) and Suddhavarta (a stable white flame), to demarcate process phases; yet, systematic correlation with modern thermal parameters remains inadequately defined.

Methods:
Suddha Dhanyabhraka was prepared through classical Nirvapana and Dhanya procedures, followed by the formation of a Golaka (pellet). The Golaka were subjected to high-temperature processing in a custom-designed Koṣṭhi, employing a combination of wood, coal, cow dung cakes, and mine coal as fuels. Real-time temperature was monitored using a calibrated thermocouple, while Bijavarta and Suddhavarta phases were visually documented. Satva yield was measured, and a novel magnetic test was introduced to differentiate metallic Abhraka Satva from non-metallic residues.

Results:
Bijavarta manifested at ~1150 °C after 90 min of sustained heating, marked by a swirling red flame. Suddhavarta was recorded at ~1350 °C after an additional 60 min, characterized by a stable white flame and complete Golaka melting. From 920 g of Golaka, 210 g of Abhraka Satva was obtained, yielding 21.5%. The procedure necessitated prolonged high-temperature maintenance with substantial fuel utilization.

Conclusion:
This study establishes reproducible correlations between traditional process indicators and defined thermal parameters in Abhraka Satvapatana. The novel magnetic test provided reliable validation for Satva identification, thereby bridging classical pharmaceutics with modern scientific evaluation and strengthening standardization in Ayurvedic mineral processing.