Emerging Trends in Leptospirosis: Advancements in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Strategies

Abstract

Leptospirosis, a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by Leptospira species, remains a significant public health concern, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Transmission primarily occurs through the urine of infected animals, including rodents and livestock. This review explores the emerging trends in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of leptospirosis. Advances in molecular diagnostics, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time qPCR, have improved early detection and accuracy. Serological tests like ELISA and rapid lateral flow assays offer timely diagnosis in endemic areas. Treatment strategies focus on antibiotic therapy, but research into immunotherapy, vaccines, and combination therapies is progressing to address severe cases. Preventive measures, including rodent control, vaccination of high-risk populations, and public health education, are key to mitigating the disease's spread. By integrating novel diagnostic tools, therapies, and comprehensive prevention strategies, the global burden of leptospirosis can be reduced, improving outcomes and public health safety.