Fabrication, Characterization, and Assessment of Berberine-Loaded Mucoadhesive Microspheres for Targeted Peptic Ulcer Therapy

Abstract

This study focused on the development, characterization, and evaluation of mucoadhesive microspheres for sustained drug delivery using various formulations. Berberine, a bioactive compound with significant anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer properties, served as the model drug. Microspheres were fabricated using a single-phase emulsification technique with bovine serum albumin and Carbopol 934P as polymers, and glutaraldehyde as a cross-linker. Parameters such as particle size, elongation ratio, uniformity index, and morphology were assessed, confirming the successful formation of microspheres with desirable properties. The in vitro studies demonstrated high encapsulation efficiency (up to 99.30%) and controlled drug release over 12 hours, with CSF1 showing the highest release (98.18%) at pH 1.2. Swelling and mucoadhesion studies revealed a strong correlation between hydration capacity and adhesive properties, with CSF2 exhibiting superior mucoadhesion (77.45%). Scanning electron microscopy confirmed uniform spherical morphology for most formulations. Statistical analysis validated the reproducibility of the results, with minimal variability. This comprehensive evaluation highlights the potential of these microspheres for targeted gastric drug delivery, ensuring prolonged retention and controlled release. The findings suggest that formulations like CSF1 and CSF2 are optimal for therapeutic applications requiring sustained action and robust adhesion to the gastric mucosa.