Dementia: A Public Health Challenge in India

Abstract

Background: Dementia is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that significantly impacts the elderly population, leading to cognitive decline and increased caregiver burden. The growing ageing population in India is expected to amplify the dementia burden, posing challenges for healthcare systems and caregivers. Despite the rising prevalence of dementia, early detection remains inadequate due to various barriers. Objective: This narrative review aims to evaluate the epidemiological burden of dementia in India, identify risk factors, assess barriers to early detection, and suggest public health strategies for prevention and intervention. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed, and Medline, focusing on articles published from 2010 to 2023. Keywords such as "dementia," "India," "epidemiology," "risk factors," and "public health interventions" were used to identify relevant studies. After screening, 42 articles were selected for full-text review, grouped into thematic sections: epidemiology, risk factors, barriers to early detection, and caregiver burden. Results: India’s dementia prevalence is estimated at 5-7%, with higher rates in southern states due to better healthcare access. Key risk factors include age, genetics, comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension), and lifestyle choices. Barriers to early detection include limited awareness, healthcare infrastructure challenges, and social stigma. Conclusion: Addressing dementia in India requires enhanced public awareness, improved healthcare infrastructure, and targeted prevention strategies, including early screening and caregiver support. A multi-sectoral approach is essential for effective dementia management.