A Comparative Molecular Study Between Some Genera Of The Ground Beetles Carabidae Family Spread In Diyala Governorate - Iraq Using Sequencing Of Cytb Gene

Abstract

The study aims using the nucleotide sequence of the cytochrome b gene to classify some genera Distichus planus , Harpalus rufipes, Chlaenius nigricornis and  Brachinus bayardi of the ground beetles family and to find the degree of genetic affinity between them and determine the common ancestry of these genera by phylogenetic tree. When comparing the four genera by amplifying the Cytb gene using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the results showed that the molecular weight of the resulting bundles is 480bp, The nucleotide sequence of the gene showed the presence of genetic variation  between the four genera in the form of substitution mutations for some nitrogen bases along the nucleotide sequence of the gene on the one hand, and with the GenBank samples: Abax parallelepipedus, Calleida angusticollis, Blackburnia rupicola, Harplus sinicus, Progonus iridipennis and Halipuls flavicollis on the other hand. The phylogenetic tree based on the nucleotide sequence of the gene, when comparing the four genera with each other, showed that the most recent common ancestor or the so-called common ancestor of the tree is the genus Harpalus rufipes, from which the other three genera descended, and the genetic distance or time period of evolution between it and each of the genera C. nigricornis, D. planus and B. bayardi 0.16765, 0.01285 and 0.04470 respectively, While the results of the phylogenetic tree when comparing the four genera under study with gene bank genera showed that the most recent common ancestor or common ancestor is both the genus H. rufipes from the genera of the current study and the genus A. parallelepipedus from the gene bank and from them the other genera descended, as the tree split into three subgroups, the first group included the genera H. flavicollis and B. bayardi, and the genetic distance or time period of genesis between these two genera and between the genera of the common ancestor or ancestor was 0.00688, while the second subgroup of the tree included the two genera C. nigricornis, D. planus and reached The genetic distance or period of evolution between these two genera and between the genera of the common ancestor or ancestor 0.00442, the third subgroup of the tree included the genera C. angusticollis, B. rupicola, H. sinicus, P. iridipennis and the genetic distance or time period of evolution between these genera and between the genera of the common ancestor or ancestor 0.06208.