The Incidence of Preeclampsia through Malondialdehyde (MDA), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), and Soluble fms-like Tyrosine Kinase-1 (sFlt- 1) Pathways:, induce by high at diet: A Prospective Cohort Study

Abstract

Background: Diet, particularly high-fat intake, has been associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation, key contributors to preeclampsia. However, the direct impact of a high-fat diet on preeclampsia and the underlying mechanisms involving biomarkers such as MDA, TNF-α, and sFlt-1 remain underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a high-fat diet on the incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant women through oxidative stress (MDA), inflammation (TNF-α), and angiogenic imbalance (sFlt-1) pathways.
Methods: This prospective cohort study included 50 pregnant women in first trimester, divided into two groups based on their dietary fat intake (high-fat vs. low- fat diet). Dietary intake was assessed using a 24-hour food recall and analyzed with NutriSurvey software. Blood samples were collected for measuring MDA, TNF-α, and sFlt-1 levels using ELISA. The incidence of early-onset preeclampsia was monitored, and statistical analysis was performed using T-tests, Mann-Whitney tests, and path analysis.
Results: The analysis revealed that participants following a high-fat diet had significantly elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressures both at baseline and upon the onset of preeclampsia (PE) compared to those not on a high-fat diet (p < 0.05). Additionally, Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) was significantly higher in the high-fat diet group under both initial and PE conditions. Biomarker analysis showed that oxidative stress and inflammation markers (MDA, TNF-α, and sFlt-1) were notably higher in the high-fat diet group, indicating increased cardiovascular stress. Regression analysis, however, indicated that while a high-fat diet was associated with these elevated biomarker levels, it did not exert a significant direct effect on each biomarker individually.

Conclusion: The study concludes that a high-fat diet has a significant impact on blood pressure and biomarkers related to Preeclampsia. Participants on a high-fat diet showed significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures, both initially and at the onset of PE, compared to those not on a high-fat diet. MAP was also notably elevated in the high-fat diet group in both initial and PE conditions. Additionally, key biomarkers, including MDA, TNF-α, and sFlt-1, were significantly higher in the high-fat diet group, suggesting increased oxidative stress and inflammation